Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam. The 3rd article of the Structure of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the only official language of Bangladesh. Bengali is also spoken within the neighbouring states of Odisha, Bihar, and Jharkhand, and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi, Mumbai, Thane, Varanasi, and Vrindavan. Besides the native area it is also spoken by the Bengalis dwelling in Tripura, southern Assam and the Bengali population within the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In 2024, the federal government of India conferred Bengali bangla bet88 with the standing of classical language.
A Selection Of Conjunct Consonants
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Some dialects, significantly these of the Chittagong area, bear solely a superficial resemblance to SCB. Nonetheless, a majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. There are circumstances where audio system of Commonplace Bengali in West Bengal will use a special word from a speaker of Normal Bengali in Bangladesh, although each words are of native Bengali descent. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata, a metropolis founded by the British. Some varieties of Bengali, significantly Sylheti, Chittagonian and Chakma, have contrastive tone; variations in the pitch of the speaker’s voice can distinguish words. Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum.
Bengali makes use of postpositions, as opposed to the prepositions used in English and different European languages. As a head-final language, Bengali follows a subject–object–verb word order, though variations on this theme are common. Published underneath the imprint of Benglish Books, these are based mostly on phonetic transliteration and closely observe spellings used in social media however for utilizing an underline to describe delicate consonants. Some of them are the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration, or IAST system (based on diacritics); “Indian languages Transliteration”, or ITRANS (uses upper case letters suited for ASCII keyboards); and the Nationwide Library at Kolkata romanisation. Bengali has a lot of tatsam words (words directly derived from Sanskrit) and in all these words, the unique spelling has been preserved but the pronunciations have modified as a result of consonant mergers and sound shifts.
Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, permitting it to become essentially the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Though some archaeologists declare that some 10th-century texts had been in Bengali, it’s not sure whether or not they characterize a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Japanese Indo-Aryan languages have been differentiating. The sorts of Prakrit spoken in Bengal region were generally referred to as “japanese Magadhi Prakrit”, as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji, as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects had been influential within the first millennium when Bengal was a half of the Larger Magadhan realm. It is the second most spoken and fifth quickest rising language in India, following Hindi, Kashmiri, Gujarati, and Meitei (Manipuri), in accordance with the 2011 census of India.
Indo-aryan Languages
- Sequence The order of words in Bangla is what is called left branching, ie, adjectives are positioned on the left of nouns; and adverbs precede the verbs.
- Persian can be thought to have influenced many grammatical varieties.
- For instance, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west.
- There is also the classifier -khana, and its diminutive kind -khani, which attaches solely to nouns denoting one thing flat, long, square, or thin.
- Individuals speak in dialect at residence, however will usually use spoken Bangla outside and normal colloquial Bangla for academic and literary functions.
A main distinction exists in the language utilized by Hindus and Muslims in respect of words that check with relatives or food. Such words and their impression increased substantially within the language of the Muslim rural lots of East Bengal previous to the partition of India in 1947. Although the main peculiarity of the colloquial stream is the shortened form of verbs and pronouns, their real distinction is in temperament.
The native Apabhraṃśa of the jap subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. ’meaningless sounds’), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages, the Bihari languages, and the Odia language. Individuals converse in dialect at house, but will usually use spoken Bangla outdoors and commonplace colloquial Bangla for tutorial and literary functions. In addition, Bangla has a lot of words of unknown etymology, also called deshi or local words, which could have their origin in old loans from Dravidian, Austric or Sino-Tibetan languages. Consonant conjuncts are simplified in loan words in spoken language. Although the written language of West Bengal and Bangladesh is sort of comparable, spoken Bangla differs widely. Colloquial Bangla was the language of the Calcutta gentry, a substantial number of whom used the colloquial type to write literary works.
Transliteration and IPA transcription by Amuk F. Hear another recording of the Bengali consonants by Amuk F. Hear another recording of the Bengali vowels by Amuk F. Some folks prefer to name this alphabet the Jap Nagari script or Jap Neo-Brahmic script
The phonemic stock of ordinary Bengali consists of 29 consonants and seven vowels, in addition to 7 nasalised vowels. Different dialects, with minor variations from Normal Colloquial, are utilized in different elements of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some distinctive words and constructions. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are intently associated to Western Bengali dialects, however are sometimes classified as separate languages. In the dialects prevalent in much of japanese and south-eastern Bangladesh (Barisal, Chittagong, Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), most of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives. Fashionable Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, together with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and different languages with which it has traditionally been involved.
